Immigration Restriction Law of 1924 Essay -- essays research papers

The immigration act of 1924 was really the first permanent limitation on immigration. This limitation was like a quota system that only aloud cardinal percent instead of the three percent of each foreign born group living in the joined states in 1890. Like it say in Document A Under the act of 1924 the number of each nationality who may be admitted annually is limited to two per cent of the population of such nationality resident in the United States according to the census of 1890. Using the 1890 census instead of impudentlyer up-to-date ones they excluded a lot of new immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe that came by in resent years (This is shown awfully well in Document B). This acts annual quota changed from 358,000 in 1921 to 164,000 in 1924 and at last changed to 154,000. Their was a couple of reasons that the United States made this an act people were prejudice such as the KKK, and Americans lost jobs to new coming immigrants. People also entangle that they had a sufficient population and wanted to breed pure Americans.What Senator Ellison D. Smith was talking about when he said I think we now withstand sufficient population in out country for us to shut the door and to breed up a pure, unadulterated American citizenship.....thank God we incur in America perhaps the largest percentage of any country in the world of pure unadulterated Anglo-Saxon stock.greatest of any nation (Document I). He was really talking about how he thinks that if so calle...

The Consumption of Alcohol and its Effects on the Body :: Alcohol Health Drug Abuse Essays

The Consumption of Alcohol and its Effects on the Body Alcohol, probably the oldest drug known, has been used at least since the earliest societies for which records exist. Of the numerous types of inebriant, ethyl inebriant is the type consumed in drinking. In its pure form it is a clear substance with little odor. tribe drink alcohol in three main kinds of beverages BEERS, which are made from grain through brewing and fermentation and contain from 3% to 8% alcohol WINES, which are fermented from fruits such as grapes and contain from 8% to 12% alcohol naturally, and up to 21% when fortified by adding alcohol and distilled beverages (spirits) such as WHISKEY, GIN, and VODKA, which on the average contain from 40% to 50% alcohol. Drinkers may become addicted to any of these beverages. Physical Effects of Alcohol The effects of alcohol on the humanity consistency depend on the amount of alcohol in the blood (blood-alcohol concentration). This varies with the direct of consumption and with the rate at which the drinkers physical system absorbs and metabolizes alcohol. The higher the alcohol content of the beverage consumed, the more alcohol will enter the bloodstream. The amount and type of food in the stomach also affect the absorption rate. drink when the stomach is filled is less intoxicating than when it is empty the foods in the stomach, which contain fat and protein, delay alcohol absorption. Body weight is also a cypher the heavier the person, the slower the absorption of alcohol. After alcohol passes through the stomach, it is rapidly absorbed through the walls of the intestines into the bloodstream and carried to the various organ systems of the body, where it is metabolized. Although small amounts of alcohol are bear upon by the kidneys and secreted in the urine, and other small amounts are processed through the lungs and exhaled in the breath, most of the alcohol is metabolized by the liver. As the alcohol is metabolized, it gives off heat. The body metabolizes alcohol at about the rate of three-fourths of an ounce to one ounce of whiskey an hour. Technically it is possible to drink at the same rate as the alcohol is being oxidized out of the body. Most people, however, drink faster than this, and so the concentration of alcohol in the bloodstream keeps rising. Alcohol begins to cocker the brains ability to function when the blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) reaches 0.

Employee Engagement Essay -- Human Resource Management

IntroductionThe employee struggle has become a hot topic of discussion in the corporate world. There is no superstar accepted definition of engagement or recognised approach for measuring or raising it. HRM Practitioners have involved in quite a readiness of study to understand employee engagement and its impact on the performance of the organisation. According to them, employee engagement is a level of commitment and involvement of employees towards their organisation and its value. An engaged employee progress toings with his/her colleagues to improve their productivity within their job, for the ultimate benefit of the organisation. This paper critically reviews MacLeod Report (2009), Engaging for Success and analysis its suitability as an engagement model for the organisations to adapt. Also, this paper suggests an alternative engagement model, which can be applied and adopted by the organisation for achieving their strategic objectives. Employee EngagementThe employee engage ment is a comparatively new term in the corporate world. Due to the global nature of work and diversity of workforce, it has become a key part of competitive receipts for many organisations. The engagement at work was conceptualized by Kahn (1990694) as the harnessing of organisational members selves to their work roles in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively and emotionally during role performances. The some other related construct to engagement in organisational behaviour is the notion of flow. Csikszentmihalyi (1975, 1990) defines flow as the holistic sensation that people feel when they act with total involvement. gum olibanum employee engagement is the level of commitment and involvement, which an employee has towards ... ...selid, M.A. 1995. The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity and corporate financial performance, Academy of Management Journal, Vol 38, pp635-670.Kahn, W.A. (1990), psychological cond itions of personal engagement and disengagement at work, Academy of Management Journal, Vol 33, pp692-724MacLeod, D. and Clarke, N. (2009), Engaging for success enhancing performance through employee engagement, London Department for Business, Innovation and SkillsOsterman P (1994), How Common is Workplace Transformation and How can we Explain who Adopts it? Results from a National Survey, Industrial and Labor Relations Review,47.Pil, F.K. and McDuffie, J.P. (1996), The adoption of high involvement work practices, Industrial Relations,Vol 35pp423-455Vodafone Site http//www.vodafone.com/start/responsibility/employees.html

Big D :: Personal Narrative Disabilites Papers

Big D A couple weeks ago, exactly four days after Christmas, I woke up thinking more or less my uncle Dennis. I loved him very much, but I have never woken up thinking about him. After a few minutes, I realized that collar years ago, exactly four days after Christmas, was the day he died. My uncle Dennis was an unforgettable man. He had sparkling blue eyes and a sweet smile. When he laughed everyone else in the room couldnt help but join him. Thats not what made him unforgettable, though. Dennis was tall, around 380 pounds, and anoxic he had head teacher damage. He never learned to cook, put one over a bike, or properly operate an appliance. He required 24-hour a day care from the time he was born until the day he died at age 40. This is not an exaggeration. If Dennis was awake and no one was around to stop him, he consistently caused trouble. Forty years ago, fetal heart monitors were not routinely used in the labor room. Today, a heart monitor aids in the detection of problems such as a pinched umbilical cord, which what caused Denniss brain damage at birth. Because the pinched cord was not detected, a cesarean section was not performed, and Dennis entered the world mentally retarded because not enough atomic number 8 reached his brain during the birthing process. The small part of the world he entered was Milwaukee. My grandparents had a house which has since been torn down and replaced by projects. In the early fifties about 60% of the residents were black. A large portion of the rest were immigrants. My grandparents were from northern Wisconsin. My grandfather was then working as a boilermaker engineer in a tannery downtown. In addition to staying with Dennis, my grandmother stayed at home with my Uncle Mike, 3 my mother, 2 and my Uncle Tom, 1. Four more children would soon follow. The youngest, Patrick, had Downs Syndrome. Eleven cousins lived just down the block. A house of harlotry was across the street. Saturday was laundry day. The three older c hildren would eventually be hired as babysitters for Dennis. On Saturdays they would keep an eye on Dennis and play in the backyard darn my grandmother did the weeks wash. At the end of the day the three young nannies got to split a dime between them at the grocery store on the corner.

Jane Eyre, Hamlet And Keats :: essays research papers fc

To convey a sense of argument, imagery and perspective, authors intake various types of language, phrase structure and vocabulary to achieve this. An extract from Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, a soliloquy from crossroads, by William Shakespeare and Ode to Autumn, by John Keats all have a number of striking similarities amongst them, as well as a few differences, which will be analysed to show.Unlike Hamlet and Autumn, the extract from Jane Eyre, doesnt have any particular argument, entirely the use of language is similar to that of Keats and to some extent Hamlet. Jane Eyre is a character existing in a narrative in the first person, as is Hamlet in his soliloquy. This brings a sense of identification and realism to the reader, I did not feel the cold, though it froze keenly (Bronte, p143) indicated the narrators feelings and experience. The narration is written in the past tense, in those days I was young (p143) to add to the affect of a recollection and to bring the sense of an autobiography.Jane is not an omniscient narrator, like Hamlet, thence the reader can see things she does not, such as the gloomy significance of the extract and how it is an indication of her future relationship with Mr Rochester, and Thornfield. The whole of the novel is written in elaborate, complex sentences, which perhaps is the authors way of demonstrating Janes intelligence and eloquence. The style of language and it usage is similar to that of Keats. Bronte uses active verbs such as rise moon and blended clouds (p143) and noise breaking out, and integrates them into the elegant prose to bring a sense of movement to Janes surroundings. An idea of sound is also achieved by the use of onomatopoeic words such as tinkle of the nearest stream and whispering (p143) this brings a sensuous aspect to the prose, something that Keats also manages to achieve in his Ode to Autumn. thither is even a small degree of alliteration wave wanderings (p143) something, which Keats also uses.Th e imagery in Jane Eyre is plentiful, for instance the moon is personified as female, The rising moon . . . she looked over Hay (p143) the images are conjured up through pictorial descriptions used by Jane, as with Keats. We get the impression that Thornfield is slightly intimidating, we know the hall is grey and castled (p143) and that the woods are dark.

Jane Eyre, Hamlet And Keats :: essays research papers fc

To convey a sense of argument, imagery and perspective, authors use various types of phraseology, syntax and vocabulary to progress to this. An extract from Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, a soliloquy from Hamlet, by William Shakespe atomic number 18 and Ode to Autumn, by John Keats all have a number of striking similarities between them, as rise up as a few differences, which will be analysed to show.Unlike Hamlet and Autumn, the extract from Jane Eyre, doesnt have any particular argument, but the use of language is similar to that of Keats and to some extent Hamlet. Jane Eyre is a character existing in a narrative in the first person, as is Hamlet in his soliloquy. This brings a sense of identification and realism to the reader, I did not feel the cold, though it froze keenly (Bronte, p143) indicated the narrators feelings and experience. The narration is written in the past tense, in those days I was young (p143) to add to the affect of a recollection and to bring the sense of an autobiography.Jane is not an omniscient narrator, like Hamlet, therefore the reader back tooth see things she does not, such as the gloomy significance of the extract and how it is an indication of her future relationship with Mr Rochester, and Thornfield. The whole of the novel is written in elaborate, complex sentences, which possibly is the authors way of demonstrating Janes intelligence and eloquence. The style of language and it usage is similar to that of Keats. Bronte uses active verbs such as rising moon and mingle clouds (p143) and noise breaking out, and integrates them into the elegant prose to bring a sense of movement to Janes surroundings. An idea of sound is also achieved by the use of onomatopoeic wrangling such as tinkle of the ne best stream and whispering (p143) this brings a sensuous aspect to the prose, something that Keats also manages to achieve in his Ode to Autumn. There is even a small degree of alliteration wave wanderings (p143) something, which K eats also uses.The imagery in Jane Eyre is plentiful, for instance the moon is personified as female, The rising moon . . . she looked over Hay (p143) the images are conjured up through pictorial descriptions used by Jane, as with Keats. We get the impression that Thornfield is slightly intimidating, we know the hall is grey and battlemented (p143) and that the woods are dark.

How Traditional Family Cultural Survive in the Future Essay

Traditional creasees are essential and important for a country. These reveals the lovely culture and habits of nation. These are the most attractive places where foreigners visit whenever they arrive to the land. Foreigners also debauch traditional products which is difficult to be bought in their places and be placed at their home for their reaching and remembrances of the places where they visited. Not only for foreigners but also for local people, traditional products show how a person love culture and tradition of that nation. They play an important constituent in the standard of nation, so it is impossible for them to be disappeared although they get a little way to success. When a country becomes more developed, there is a lesser number of traditional business. The other business are favored and traditional businesses are transformed into these businesses because they are relatively more easy to succeed and bottom get more profit. Traditional businesses are made by humans and git non be substituted by others.Therefore, they are too expensive for basic people to buy and use them. The other substituted things are processed by machines and standardized. They produce in large quantities and get economy of scale and can be sold in low price. The basic choose the cheaper one for their daily use how much they love their tradition. But the country is based on basic class, not on upper class. The demands go down and traditions father to depend on foreigners and upper class, especi entirely(prenominal)y. There is a little chance for every traditional culture business to survive although it cannot be disappeared from the mart. All have to transform and innovate new things. Their management style, production process orientation have to be upgraded. Almost all traditional businesses are sole traders. Their finances, profession and ability to do are limited. Only the person who leads the business decide what to do, how to do and who have to do.The other porti on are not included in the decision, the other members of the family or the floor workers. They have to change this because ones profession is limited, the decision may be very fast but may not be as good as one deciding by many. They do not have any accurate documents. nigh only have Cash Book, Debtors book and Creditors book. They never draw any financial statement and never check their income and expenses. Some firms may not have any of these, they keep the cash to the drawers when something is sold. And at the end of the day, they keep it to the drawer. And also their pricing, they set the price above the personify of production.Prices are not set stable. Customer has to have full knowledge to get goods with right price. The production processes are made to be smooth. Not all the processes let human urinate. Making traditional things must be made by human but aided by machine. It can lessen time, make lower cost of production and can control the quality. Machines are more acc urate than human. For example, in the process of making pots, they are fired with woods by humans. Instead of this ovens can be replaced. They can be fired with accurate temperature and woods do not need. It can lessen the cost and wages can be reduced. To do these, technology is the key point. Nowadays, we do business in production orientation.We do the best, but we do not know what the customers need, we do not find what they want from us. We have to change into marketing orientation. We must find out what customer needs, how can we fulfill their wish. We have to research on the market. mass are bored when they get the only one thing. They always want newest thing, they always seek in us. We have to make innovation based on the tradition. It is important to have great care not missing tradition. foreigners are main customers for the traditional market.Although we can produce the products, we are weak in market distribution. so, we should need organization to improve traditional b usiness. we should make internet website about traditional business. we should make knowledge distribution of tradition to the local. we should connect with travel& tourism .so ,they introduce to visit our industry. And we explain the production process step by step thoroughly .we should create the design update. In traditional job, main line is rare raw material. If we meet this problem , we should think the another way to substitute with other.

Importance of Organisational Design

THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANISATIONAL DESIGN AND ITS IMPACT ON ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR The impact of globalization and new technologies on business purlieu has made it vital for geological formations to constantly reassess their structure. French et al (2008), stresses that an giving medication should be able to design its tasks and delegate some duties so that it slew get its mission and vision. It is necessary to explore the importance of organisational design and how it can help in understanding the behaviour of informal and formal groups.Organisational design refers to the roles and formal inform relationships that exist within an organisation. According to French et al (2008), it is selecting and implementing a structure for an organisation. The structure of an organisation is the assigned interrelationships and networks that exist among organizational resources (Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, 2005). Organisational structure can be flat or hierarchical, bureaucratic, organic o r hybrid. There ar arguments that organisations ar now less hierarchical in structure (Molinsky et al, 2012).In contrast, there are several who claim that the modern organisational structures are still very controlling with top-down power (Diefenbach and Sillince, 2011). The purpose of the organisational design is to prepare a layout for which the objectives of the organisation are achieved as it is to align with the organisations core competencies. Organisational design has to flexible and must be in alignment with the organisations dodging (Goold and Campbell, 2002). When the organisational strategy changes, comp nonpareilnts of organisation design such as structures roles and functions should be realigned to cater for this change (Corkindale, 2011).If there is a misalignment of organisation design with the organisations strategy, the result depart be frustrating as employee performance get out not drive organisational goals. Every organisation has both formal and informal st ructures. The formal structure represents the disparate types of design (i. e. hierarchical, matrix, flat etc. ) where the positions are clearly distinguished while the informal structure is built on individual associations and social processes (Mullins, 2011). This informal methodicalness cuts across the formal structure and is needed to keep the formal structure in order.An organisational structure that emphasises the formal structure over the informal structure will lead to bureaucratic and rigid organisation. Also, organisation design dictates the communication and decision loop within an organisation. Huber and McDaniel (1986) argue that organisations design should be carried with the objective of facilitating organisational decisions. Poor organisation design might lead to top management totally detached from the base operation of the business, missing out crucial details on every day realities of the business.A good organisation design should provide us with an insight into the organisational strategy, its communication and decision making loop and if it takes advantage of its formal and informal structures. Where the organisation design cannot provide these insights, it is most likely ineffective. Therefore Managers should always therefore strive to get feedback from the employees about the organisation structure and if it affects the ways they relate with one another and if it helps to fulfil their achievement needs (French et al, 2008).

Mobile Food Ordering App

INOORERO UNIVERSITY PROJECT REPORT ON MOBILE FOOD parliamentary procedure APPLICATION NAME BORU PHILIP JOSHUA ADMN NO IU/11/05211 UNIT TITLE PROJECT PLANNING A Project submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Regulations Governing The stage of a Diploma in Information communication and Technology ? Table of ContentsDECLARATION4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT5 DEDICATION6 ABSTRACT7 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION8 Background8 Problem Statement9 Projects Objective9 Mission9 Vision10 defense10 Project Scope10 Gantt chart10 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW11 Introduction11 fluid and Handheld Device11 Review of nutrition club strategy12 i. Manual aliment Ordering form12 ii. busy Food Ordering transcription12 Benefits of nomadic Food Ordering System13 Limitation of winding Food Ordering System13 Feasibility Study14 Operational Feasibility14 Economic Feasibility14Technical Feasibility14 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLGY15 Introduction15 Data collection methods15 I. Questionnaires15 II. Interviews15 II I. Observation15 Data analysis15 CHAPTER FOUR ashes ANALYSIS TOOLS17 Flow chart of nimble Food Ordering Application17 Context diagram of expeditious Food Ordering Application18 Data flow Diagrams19 take aim 1 DFD19 Entity Relationship Diagram20 CHAPTER FIVE SYSTEM DESIGN21 INTRODUCTION21 Splash form21 Customer details21 Menu21 account21 Option form122 Option form222 Report22 Error / Confirmation Message22CONCLUSION23 Recommendation and Suggestion for Future Research23 REFERENCES24 ? DECLARATION This research project is my original work and has non been presented for assessment by any other person in any institution. Student Name BORU PHILIP JOSHUA mite Approved.. Date.. Supervisor Name Signature Approved.. Date.. ? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFirstly, I praise GOD for guiding and blessing me with perseverance and strength to complete the project. Apart from the efforts of me, the success of the project depends pear-shapedly on the encouragement and guidelines of many another(prenominal ) another(prenominal) others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the volume who hurt been instrumental in the successful completion of this project. The special thank goes to my reformatory supervisor Pius Walela. I kittyt say thank you enough for his tremendous support and help. Without his encouragement and guidance this project would not have materialized.My welcome thanks to a fault go to my pargonnts and siblings, who held faith in me and pushed me to succeed. A big contri justion and support from you is very great indeed. Special thanks likewise go to my friends those who supported and motivated me during the project completion was vital for the success of the project. May GOD bless you all. ? DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my mum, siblings, classmates, my lecturers and myself for the love and righteous support without which it would not have been possible to complete the project. ? ABSTRACT rambling cunnings and wireless technologies be making a l arge impact on our lives. Companies that arrest vigorous uses atomic publication 18 continuously evolving their products, aiming at satisfying the customers needs even more comprehensively and at prouder levels of fictional character. The Mobile Food Ordering Application proposed in this musical theme is unitary of the alikels that intend to provide a regimen parliamentary procedure coat on planetary devices for gilding food from a restaurant with the option of both delivery and pickup within the central business district of Nairobi.With the runy growth of wide awake technology, nowadays people atomic come 18 looking former for an application program that makes life easier and faster. While in restaurants industries, most businesses people look for any nimble application that purify their business functions for the customers as easily as change magnitude the profit. Normally in manual constitution, human wrongdoing, waiting metre, wasting foods, wrong men u preparation, ordering management and menu selection be the main(prenominal) issues in any restaurants.This paper presents the integration of smooth technology for itty-bitty spiritualist restaurants peregrine food ordering application. This application offers many useful features to customers, including the detailed menus, and previous(prenominal) order lookup. By utilize this application, the substance abusers do not have to wait in a queue at the restaurants. This study also presents the background in terms of new technologies in hold devices, and afoot(predicate) research in human-computer interaction for mobile applications.It also surveys several applications of handheld devices and discusses their characteristics. This thesis also explains the main functions, key usability aspects, intended users of Mobile Food Ordering Application. ? CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Technology is making a large impact on the human life. It feels so strange when we hear that it is only 25 y ears since the first commercial cellular call was made in the United States, and today there ar more than 17 million wireless subscribers in Kenya alone.With the increasing number of cellular subscribers, cellular technology is also becoming more advanced. With increasing popularity and force of mobile devices, new applications are being launched every day. Today, many things that rear be done using computers can also be done with mobile devices. But simply copying computer applications to mobile devices does not work, as user characteristics of computers and mobiles are quite different. Even hough mobility and compactness are major advantages for mobile applications, the small screen, and the small and few exclusivelytons of mobile devices are among limitations that make it necessary for mobile application developers to study human computer interaction for mobile devices and develop their applications accordingly. Mobile shopping or ordering is one of the most popular areas no w-a-days. One can buy songs or any applications right from ones mobile. One can also bid or buy items from the internet straight away using ones mobile. Similarly, food ordering is also one of the major areas of mobile application learning.Some companies have already launched their food ordering products in the market. But these applications havent goody exploited the current capabilities of mobiles and missed on some of the required features which would benefit the end users. Thus, I have decided to design and develop a mobile application, Mobile Food Ordering Application, using human-computer interaction principles for mobile devices. As they say, time is money This application go away greatly benefit customers as they dont have to waste time going to the store and waiting in the queue.They will able to military position food orders using their mobile device from anywhere. By using the proposed application, users can have modifyd menus on their mobile devices and they do not need to go for the inconvenient ways of listingening to the options on phone, or finding a newspaper flyer. Background Before developing a mobile application, a thorough research needs to be done on which mobile device(s) one wants to target. As there are so many different mobile devices currently available in the market, each device whitethorn differ in screen size, operating arranging, and/or supported programming language.So studying the currently available handheld devices and their technologies is a must for a developer for figuring out his or her target audience and selecting the appropriate development tool(s). The modern mobile phone market offers different devices for a wide variety of customer tastes and lifestyles. Some phones are small and sleek, and are popular for their ease of carrying, musical composition some are chosen for their appearance so they can become a form of formulate symbols. Mobile manufactures are still developing new devices to pass different age groups and cultural groups.These devices will not only look different but also possess capabilities to attract specific groups of people, for example, phone manufactures are trying to portray their phone as a game console to attract the youngsters. They attract business users by providing productivity tools such as Word, Excel, E mail, adapter and they also include a virtual pop-up QWERTY keyboard for easy typing. They also attract ecumenical mobile users with their still camera, video camera, music player, radio, voice recording, games and internet browsing features.Hence, considering the promising future of the mobile phone market, it is beneficial to write applications for this devices that target large groups of people. Research has shown that simply transferring a regular computer application into a mobile application almost unceasingly leads to a suboptimal mobile experience. Hence in the beginning starting the development of applications for handheld devices, a developer should consider the mobile device users characteristics as well as the limitations of mobile interfaces. Problem StatementThe rapid growths of mobile computing in the business area make customers intend to demand for applications that able to reduce their waiting time for the waiters or waitresses to take an order. utilise manual frame, it was less economicalal because it involved the cost of preparing note pads, blank papers, and custom made papers including menu and pens which were apply for taking order and whitethorn cause error by the waiters or waitresses. Furthermore taking order manually by the waiters or waitresses also will increase human errors where there are possibilities of typing errors by the waiters or waitresses.They also have hard time to remember each price of menu when calculating customers food, cook misread to the handwritten orders written by waiters or waitresses and missed communication between waiters and customers when customers repeat order if they d o not get the foods but waiters assume that customers added the foods in the order. When customers intend to select the menu before make an order, they have to refer to the many menu list options which sometimes do not attract them, fulfill their choice and make them difficult to choose.So this application will reduced the selection options from the list on the menu by categorizing it to standard list and special list by packaging the menu into certain types. This option will provide an easier selection and progress such a pleasure to the customers in enjoying their meals. Furthermore, the manager also has to request and track the order record and order report from administrator at a certain time but sometimes mistakes always happened where the ordering record hard to track due to the missing of the ordering cart or misplaced the printed record but using computerized carcass they can access it anytime they want.Projects Objective The main objective of this study is to propose a Mo bile Food Ordering Application for small medium and micro enterprises (SMME) restaurants. This objective is supported by the following sub objectives To design the navigation model for easier mobile food ordering Application with a lower limit errors in the small medium and micro enterprises (SMME) restaurants. To develop an application which demonstrate the navigation of the mobile food ordering application in a small medium and micro enterprises (SMME) restaurants. To produce an effective accessed to schedule reports for administration staffs. Mission To eradicate order placement link up time wastage in restaurants and offer meliorate service to the customers Vision To be a leading food ordering service within the CBD of Nairobi with the provision of Quality service and secure orders Justification The project will benefit target group living in and adjacent areas of Nairobi Central business District.Faster delivery of service as you pre-order your food so you can grab your food as soon as you set your foot in the restaurant, be it take away or, thus cut the risks of time wastage and queuing. Project Scope This project will be focusing on developing and implementing mobile food ordering app for the small and medium restaurants which will be developed using J2ME programming language assigned to MySql informationbase server. The cashier will be responsible to view the subscribeed order and prepare a bill and receipt. The kitchen Staff will be responsible to view the order for menu preparation.The administrator will be responsible to monitor overall application, add, update or delete the user, menu, order, and report for the system. Gantt chart TIME IN WEEKS ACTIVITY123456789101112 Introduction of the project Problem Statement Objectives & Justification Scope Gantt Chart Literature check over Feasibility study Research Methodology Data diagrams(Analysis tools) Design Conclusion ? CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction This chapter presents an overview of the previous works on the related topic for providing the background of this study.The backchat starts with the review of mobile and handheld device and history of mobile food ordering application for the restaurants. Discussion on the carrying out of manual food ordering system is continuing with the architecture of the application through wireless mobile and the limitations of system. Discussion also covers the advantages and disadvantages of mobile ordering application. Mobile and Handheld Device According to Lee, Sceinder & Schell (2004) Mobile is defined as The capability of being able to move or moved easily.Whereas in context of mobile computing, mobile pertains to peoples use of portable and functionally powerful mobile devices that offer the ability to perform a set of application functions untethered, while also being able to connect to, obtain data from, and provide data to users, applications and system. Whereas Ballard (Ballard, 2007) outlined that mobile is a de vice or service used by a user who has the potential to move to a new location, even a new building or city, during use which includes both machine and phones.Hudson told HumanIPO although takeaway is popular in Nairobi, the restaurant delivery space is incredibly underdeveloped. Given the citys general chaos and traffic problems, this is surprising. We aim to connect the dots, allowing busy, hungry people to eat in the comfort of their homes, hassle-free and also while the firms are doing a great work, nobody offers a delivery option that takes full advantage of the internets capabilities. The current options put a great deal of responsibility on the customer, requiring the use of email or phone to place orders, and sometimes only offering cash on delivery. Originally, the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) was intended to be an earlier electronic version of a handheld ain organizer however, with the introduction of more powerful central treat units, operating systems and memory, todays the most popular personal organizer is smart phone which are being customized for great variety of applications for the users (Dejin et al. 2006). According to Kulkarni (Kulkarni, 2009) outlined that Smart phones attract both business and general users by providing productivity tools such as Word, Excel, E-mail, Organizer and include a virtual pop-up QWERTY keyboard for easy typing.They also attract general mobile users with still camera, video camera, music player, radio, voice recording, games and internet browsing features. The discussion also expanded with the characteristics of mobile user as outlined by Ballard (Ballard, 2007) as follow Mobile users are mobile, as they users are not seated attentively at a desk, like desktop or laptop users do. Mobile users are interruptible and easily distracted. Mobile users use mobile devices while they are mobile hence they easily can get distracted by the physical world.Sometimes mobile applications can be self distracted by the m obile device itself (e. g. phone) for instance when receiving a call or message. Mobile users are always available. Unlike the desktop or laptop computer, the mobile phone is always with the user and always ON (sometimes users can set it on silent mode, but still most of the time the user has it ready to ring loudly). Mobile phones are identifiable. Unlike the desktop computer, the mobile phone is a personal device, with unique identification features. As discussed by Wendeson (Wendeson et al. 010), the advantages of Windows mobile applications are as follows provide devices contain mobile versions of consistent. Easy to use To demonstrate the capabilities of the particular chopines. Everyday tools such as Microsoft Office Outlook, Office Word, Office Excel, and Office power usher are supported Currently this platform is familiar. If application is written once, . NET framework has the potential to generate different languages. Review of Food Ordering System Basically food o rdering system in the restaurants industry can be classified into several types i.Manual Food Ordering System Zhangyuang and Weibing (2010) outlined that the tralatitious restaurant service mode relies on a lot of manpower to dispense customer reservation, inquiry, ordering food, placing order, reminding dishes, and chefs are usually not clear because of the physical composition and the attendant distress. It is supported by Yong (Yong et al. 2010) where Manual Food Ordering System uses waiter to take order from customers. During peak hour, customers may be too many to be served by waiters. The quality of the service may drop thus causing dissatisfactory of customers.However, if there are too many waiters are hired, it may be a waste of resources during non-peak hour. ii. Mobile Food Ordering System As discussed by Zhou (Zhou, 2010), utilizing information technology to upgrade the service quality and management efficiency has always been received great concern in information deve lopment of catering industry. This is supported by Khairunnisa (Khairunnisa et al. 2009) where a number of personal digital assistant based mobile applications have been designed, implemented and developed for commercial use in a restaurant environment.So the mobile food ordering system is the best mobile application that can help catering enterprises reduce the costs of human resources, improve work efficiency and leap forward from the external image to the internal service quality. Hence for mobile food ordering system, according to Sun (Sun et al. 2009) the information technology developing constantly gives an urge to industrial expansion such as in the restaurants, the method of electronic ordering dish is adopted widely. Using the high technology method can improve the profit of economy and achieve an efficient management technique.Besides that, smart phone and other handheld devices are being preferred as device for business applications because they are highly portable, have the ability to communicate with personal computers accessed information from remote locations. Additionally, food ordering system using latest handheld devices is the latest trend in helping customers to order their foods, beverages, dessert and etc. (Patel et al. 2007). Furthermore by using handheld technology it is able to increase the speed of restaurant services dramatically (Lim et al. 009). This supported by Mahmoud (Mahmoud et al. 2009) where an integrated mobile ordering system is expected to enable faster and more efficient order processing, efficient and easy orders editing and reviewing with the customer, minimizing human and billing errors, reduction in the number of staff required and easier communication between the users of the system. Such systems increase the number of customers that are satisfied with the service. Benefits of Mobile Food Ordering SystemKulkarni (2010) addressed that the major benefit of mobile food ordering system are mobility and compactness to t he users itself. With the development of this system, the enterprise will not only save labor costs, more the management will be towards information, intelligence and it will bring long-term economic benefits as highlighted by Yu and Zhu (Yu & Zhu, 2010). In the other hand, Sun and Zhou (Sun & Zhou, 2009) also agreed that using the high tech method in the ordering system can improve the profit of economy and achieve efficient management technique.As discussed by Stanford (Stanford, 2003), the current ordering system can be categorized into four groups of users customers, owner, staffs and architect. With the development of the system, it benefits the customers in providing the faster services, reduces the errors and offered a calm technology. While for the owner, the system can reduce the management cost and provide a better gunstock management. Process of taking order, sending order to the kitchen, serving the foods, preparing a bill and managing the order changed made by the cus tomers easier with the system.The system is also able to reduce the problems amongst the staffs in attending the customers and can contribute the income to the restaurants by attracting the customers to visit the restaurants with their services. It will be a challenge for the developer to develop the system successfully. Hence the system also is work in a pervasive computing. It will update the status of menu items if the ingredients running out for the menu ordered by the customers. Limitation of Mobile Food Ordering SystemThe limitations in implementation of the system to be considered as the following Wireless Network even if we have seen great advancements in wireless networks and technologies. simmer down there is a limited bandwidth problem. Issues with mobile phones there are thousands of different brands mobile phones with different capabilities and constraints, like hardware constraints are, such as memory, screen size, processing power, battery consumption, resolution an d display color. Content creations as we know the term mobile phones refers to any portable device including smart phones, PDAs, mobile phones, tablet PCs, and laptop.Technically, creating materials which can be rendered in all of these devices is a big challenge. (Niazi, 2007). To address this problems, extended-life battery cradle that supporting a full shift with intensive backlighting, networking and a quick tether to secure the PDA or cell phone (Stanford, 2003). According to Kulkarni (Kulkarni, 2010) the small screen, and the small and few buttons of mobile devices are among limitations that make it necessary for mobile application developers to study human computer interaction for mobile application.In conclusion, this chapter provided the background information about the mobile and handheld devices, manual system for food ordering, mobile food ordering system, the limitation of the manual system and the benefits of the mobile food ordering system. Feasibility Study Feasibil ity studies aim to objectively and rationally peril the strengths and weaknesses of an existing or a proposed system, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success.It is usually carried out by a small number of people who are familiar with the information system techniques, understand the part of the business or organization that will be involved or effected by the project and are skilled in the system analysis and design process. It is intended to be a preliminary review of the facts to see if it is worthy of carry on to the analysis phase. From the systems analyst perspective, the feasibility analysis is the primary tool for recommending whether to proceed to the next phase or to discontinue the project.Operational Feasibility Operational feasibility is a measure of how well a proposed system solves the problems, and takes advantage of the opportunities identified during scope definiti on and how it satisfies the requirements identified in the requirements analysis phase of system development. This is dependent on available human resources for the project. It reviews the willingness of the organization to support the proposed system. The proposed system will first and foremost solve the problem of speed at which the current manual system is upon.A bigger variety of Transactions will be performed in reliable time using live data and at the same time providing high levels of security. Economic Feasibility This is a cost/benefit analysis. It is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of a new system. The procedure is to determine the benefits and nest egg that are expected from a candidate system and compare it with the costs. If a benefit outweighs cost, then the decision is made to design and implement the system. Otherwise promote alterations are made in the proposed system.Technical Feasibility A large part of determining resources has to do with assessing technical feasibility. The system will require input from the users. This data will be used in analysis and the analyst must find out whether current technical resources can be upgraded or added to in a manner that fulfills the request under consideration. ? CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLGY Introduction This chapter will explain the methodology that was used in this project to develop Mobile Food Ordering application. Data collection methodsThese are tools that were used in the analysis, design, development and implementation of the system. I. Questionnaires These are facts gathered about the activities taking place in the restaurant. This type of investigation is done by use of well organized and simple questions which needs short answers. Some of the questions asked include a. How many customers do you handle at once during peak hours of business? b. Have you ever placed a wrong order? Why? c. What are the Drawbacks of this manual system in your own opinion? d. Would you like if the ordering system is automated? II.Interviews Its a conversation in which the researcher tries to get information from the interviewer. The method assumes that the respondents to be interviewed have the information required they understand questions, which are put to them and will be able to give answers face-to-face. III. Observation This involved observing the old system at work. The way staffs attended to the customers by taking order, sending order to the kitchen, serving the menu, handle the changed order by the customers, waiting time for the orders and handle recompense from the customer was observed and evaluated.The following was observed of the manual system Serving a customer could take up to about 20-30 minutes. The waiter had to go from where the customers are placed to the kitchen to place orders, hence overcrowding at times. During peak hours of business the waiters are overloaded with orders leading to placement of wrong orders. During off pe ak the restaurant has many idle waiters. Data analysis This stage discussed the requirements analysis for the data collection as the users requirements. The purpose of the requirements analysis is to identify what are the users needs for mobile food ordering application.From the managers and staffs view, they found that when many customers came at one time their quality of services quite reduced and they also admitted that when they faced with this situation, it made them feel unsatisfied with their services when there are a lot of complaints from the customers. ? CHAPTER FOUR SYSTEM ANALYSIS TOOLS Flow chart of Mobile Food Ordering Application No yesyes yes No Context diagram of Mobile Food Ordering Application ororderrequest orderDelivery/ Bill Processed OrderData flow Diagrams Level 1 DFD order Details Entity Relationship Diagram ? CHAPTER FIVE SYSTEM DESIGN INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the details of the Mobile Food Ordering Application. The discussion contains the platfo rm for the application and the description of the modules in application. Splash form This form is shown when the customers opens the application. The customer press next/enter to continue. WELCOME TO APEX BISTRO force per unit area following(a) TO CONTINUE NEXT CLOSE Customer detailsIn this page customer will enter his/her details in the Enter your Details First observe- Last name Cell no. Address Menu This page contains the menu that is available in the restaurants. The customer selects the menu, places an order and Submits. MENU Chips70 Sausages25 Samosa30 Buns20 Cake stark forest100 Press Submit to continue Bill This page contains the information about the order placed by a customer, it contains the bill report. Bill Report Your Bill is Kshs. 560 PRESS SUBMIT TO CONTINUE Option form1This form contains the option that asks the user, the preference of delivery or dine-in. Option form1 Do you prefer-(check the radio button) oDelivery oDine-in oTake away NEXT BACK Option form2 This form contains the option that asks the user, the payment mode of choice. Option form2 Do you prefer to pay by-(check the radio button) oCash-on delivery oM-pesa (pay bill number 11888) NEXT BACK Report This form displays the order placed, total bill and choice of opotion1 and option2 and the time the order will be ready. ReportYOU ORDERED- CHIPS Samosa Soda. Your bill is- Kshs. cxxx/= You order will be ready for take away in 30mins Cash on delivery Error / Confirmation Message The Application provides error message and confirmation message so that it can guide the users to enter all the mandatory information and alert them. ? CONCLUSION The mobile ordering application has emerged increasingly and expected brought a big change in a businesses as well as other fields because users rely on it too much. Mobile applications also will be demanded by the users for its convenience and ease of functioning.It also will improve the employees works performance as well as users satisfactio n. The main contributions of this study include Exploration of current technologies for designing and developing software applications for mobile devices (Java 2 Micro Edition, MYSQL database and Php). Mobile Food Ordering Application also addressed major problems in ordering process and restaurants management by reducing the customers time and the managements time for food ordering process, reduce the cost of food preparation, reduce wasted foods, reduce cost for the pen and papers. Customers can give special order on the menu with preferred ingredients. Helps the customers and management so that customers can have their pleasure for making order and management can improve their management . Recommendation and Suggestion for Future Research Based on the achievement of this study, the future research that may conduct for Mobile Food Ordering Application are To enable Mobile Food Ordering Application to interact with the mobile customers by replying the feedback for the customers requests such as confirm the customers order by sending a message to the mobile. To allow customer registration to Mobile Food Ordering Application and application can save customers details for future order. To enable Mobile Food Ordering Application to function in a real mobile environment with the interaction between the App and users. To enable Mobile Food Ordering Application to display a feedback for the running out ingredients when customers make an order. ? REFERENCES A food delivery app wants to ease Nairobis traffic(2012) Retrieved 12 July 2012 from http//www. humanipo. com Barbara, B. (2007). Designing the mobile user experience.EnglandJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chien, N. L, Daniel, J. H. , Hsio, Yi H. H. , & Chan, Y. Y (2010). IEEE, 39-43. A Mobile Meal-Ordering System on the Bus, IEEE, 39-43. Gu, H. , Shan, M. L. , Deng, J. X. , Wang, Y. & Zhu, C. P. (2010). Design of touching wireless ordering dishes system based on WinCE. Information Science & Engineering, 2010. ICISE 2010 Proceeding of 2010 International Conference held on 4 6 December 2010 at Hangzhou, China (pp. 203-2016). ChinaHangzhou. Khairunnisa, K. , Ayob, J. , Mohd. Helmy A. Wahab, M. Erdi Ayob, A. Izwan Ayob and A. Afif Ayob. (2009).The application of wireless food ordering system. MASAUM Journal of Computing, 1(2), 178-184. XU. H, Tang B. & Song W. (2009). Wireless Food Ordering System Based on Web Services. IEEE Computer Society, 475-478. Yu, Z. & Zhu, W. (2010). The Research and Realization of Wireless Ordering System Based on Embedded Technology. Computer Application and System Modeling, 2010. ICCASM 2010 Proceeding of 2010 International Conference held on 22 October 24 October 2010 at the School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Xihua University, China (pp. v8-443). ChinaChengdu. ?

New Paradigms in the Study of the Civil War Essay

A complaisant state of war is a war between organized groups in spite of appearance the same nation state or republic, or, little(prenominal) commonly, between dickens countries created from a formerly united nation state. The aim of one side may be to take control of the area or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change political sympathies policies. polite wars since the end of World struggle II have lasted on add up just over four years, a striking rise from the one-and-a-half year comely of the 1900-1944 period. While the respect of emergence of new intumesce-mannered wars has been relatively wet since the mid-19th century, the increasing length of those wars resulted in increasing results of wars ongoing at any one time.For example, there were no more than five obliging wars underway simultaneously in the first half of the 20th century, while over 20 concurrent civilized wars were advancering at the end of the dust-covered War, before a s ignificant decrease as conflicts strongly associated with the super cater rivalry came to an end. Since 1945, civil wars have resulted in the deaths of over 25 million people, as well as the forced displacement of millions more. Civil wars have further resulted in economic collapse Somalia, Burma, Uganda and Angola are examples of nations that were considered to have promising futures before world engulfed in civil wars. Formal classificationJames Fearon, a scholar of civil wars at Stanford University, defines a civil war as a violent conflict within a country fought by organized groups that aim to take power at the center or in a region, or to change government policies. The Correlates of War, a dataset widely used by scholars of conflict, classifies civil wars as having over 1000 war-related casualties per year of conflict. This rate is a small fraction of the millions killed in the arcminute Sudanese Civil War and Cambodian Civil War, for example, but excludes several highly pu blicized conflicts, such as The Troubles of Northern Ireland and the struggle of the African bailiwick Congress in Apartheid-era South Africa. That the Party in revolt against the de jure Government possesses an organized war machine force, an laterality responsible for its acts, acting within a unequivocal territory and having the means of respecting and ensuring respect for the expression.That the legal Government is obliged to have recourse to the regular military forces against insurgents organized as military and in obstinacy of a part of the matter territory. That the de jure Government has recognized the insurgents as belligerents or That it has claimed for itself the rights of a belligerent or That it has accorded the insurgents recognition as belligerents for the purposes only of the present Convention or That the dispute has been admitted to the agenda of the Security Council or the General Assembly of the United Nations as being a threat to internationalistic peac e, a relegate of the peace, or an act of onslaught.That the insurgents have an organization purporting to have the characteristics of a State.That the insurgent civil authority exercises de facto authority over the population within a definitive portion of the national territory.That the armed forces act under the direction of an organized authority and are prepared to observe the ordinary laws of war. That the insurgent civil authority agrees to be bound by the provisions of the Convention.Causes of civil war in the Collier-Hoeffler ModelScholars investigating the cause of civil war are attracted by two opposing theories, greed versus grievance. Roughly stated are conflicts caused by who people are, whether that be defined in terms of ethnicity, religion or other well-disposed affiliation, or do conflicts begin because it is in the economic best interests of individuals and groups to start them? Scholarly analysis supports the conclusion that economic and structural factors are more classic than those of identity in predicting dierences of civil war. A comprehensive studies of civil war was carried out by a team from the World Bank in the premature 21st century.The study framework, which came to be called the Collier-Hoeffler Model, examined 78 five-year increments when civil war occurred from 1960 to 1999, as well as 1,167 five-year increments of no civil war for comparison, and subjected the data set to relapse analysis to see the effect of various factors. The factors that were shown to have a statistically significant effect on the chance that a civil war would occur in any disposed(p) five-year period were Availability of financeA high proportion of primary commodities in national exports significantly increments the risk of a conflict. A country at peak danger, with commodities comprising 32% of gross domestic product, has a 22% risk of totaling into civil war in a given five-year period, while a country with no primary commodity exports has a 1% risk. When disaggregated, only petroleum and non-petroleum groupings showed different results a country with relatively low levels of dependence on petroleum exports is at slightly less risk, while a high-level of dependence on oil as an export results in slightly more risk of a civil war than national dependence on another primary commodity.The authors of the study understand this as being the result of the ease by which primary commodities may be extorted or captured compared to other forms of wealth, for example, it is easy to capture and control the output of a gold mine or oil field compared to a sector of garment manufacturing or hospitality services. A second source of finance is national diasporas, which can fund rebellions and insurgencies from abroad.The study found that statistically switching the size of a countrys diaspora from the smallest found in the study to the king-sizedst resulted in a sixfold increase in the chance of a civil war. Low per capita income ha s been proposed as a cause for grievance, prompting armed rebellion. However, for this to be true, one would abide economic in fitity to also be a significant factor in rebellions, which it is not. The study therefore concluded that the economic model of opportunity embody better explained the findings. Population sizeThe various factors contributing to the risk of civil war rise increase with population size. The risk of a civil war rises approximately proportionately with the size of a countrys population. Gleditsch et al. did not find a relationship between ethnic groups with polygyny and increased frequency of civil wars but nations having legal polygamy may have more civil wars. They argued that misogyny is a better explanation than polygyny. They found that increased womens rights were are associated with less civil wars and that legal polygamy had no effect after womens rights were controlled for. Duration of civil warsAnn Hironaka, author of Neverending Wars, divides the m odern history of civil wars into the pre-19th century, 19th century to primaeval 20th century, and late 20th century. In 19th-century Europe, the length of civil wars fell significantly, by and large due to the nature of the conflicts as battles for the power center of the state, the strength of concentrate governments, and the normally quick and decisive discourse by other states to support the government. Following World War II the duration of civil wars grew past the norm of the pre-19th century, largely due to weakness of the many postcolonial states and the hitch by major powers on both sides of conflict. The most obvious commonality to civil wars are that they occur in fragile states. Civil wars in the 19th and early 20th centuriesCivil wars through the 19th century to early 20th century tended to be short the average length of a civil war between 1900 and 1944 was one and half years. The state itself was the obvious center of authority in the volume of cases, and the ci vil wars were thus fought for control of the state. This meant that whoever had control of the capital and the military could normally crush resistance. If a rebellion failed to quickly seize the capital and control of the military for itself, it was normally doomed to a quick destruction.For example, the fighting associated with the 1871 Paris Commune occurred almost entirely in Paris, and ended quickly once the military sided with the government. The power of non-state actors resulted in a lower value placed on sovereignty in the 18th and 19th centuries, which further reduced the number of civil wars. For example, the pirates of the Barbary sea-coast were recognized as de facto states because of their military power. The Barbary pirates thus had no need to rebel against the Ottoman Empire, who were their nominal state government, to gain recognition for their sovereignty. Conversely, states such as Virginia and mama in the United States of America did not have sovereign status, but had significant political and economic independence coupled with weak federal control, trim down the incentive to secede.The two major global ideologies, monarchism and democracy, led to several civil wars. However, a bi-polar world, divided between the two ideologies, did not develop, largely due the strength of monarchists through most of the period. The monarchists would thus normally intervene in other countries to stop democratic movements taking control and forming democratic governments, which were seen by monarchists as being both dangerous and unpredictable. The Great Powers, defined in the 1815 Congress of Vienna as the United Kingdom, Habsburg Austria, Prussia, France, and Russia, would frequently coordinate interventions in other nations civil wars, virtually always on the side of the incumbent government. Given the military strength of the Great Powers, these interventions were nearly always decisive and quickly ended the civil wars. thither were several exceptio ns from the general rule of quick civil wars during this period.The American Civil War was unusual for at least two reasons it was fought around regional identities, quite than political ideologies, and it was ended through a war of attrition, rather than over a decisive battle over control of the capital, as was the norm. The Spanish Civil War was exceptional because both sides of the war take ind support from intervening great powers Germany, Italy, and Portugal support opposition leader Francisco Franco, while France and the Soviet Union supported the government . Civil wars since 1945In the 1990s, about twenty civil wars were occurring concurrently during an average year, a rate about ten times the historical average since the 19th century. However, the rate of new civil wars had not increased appreciably the drastic rise in the number of ongoing wars after World War II was a result of the tripling of the average duration of civil wars to over four years. This increase was a r esult of the increased number of states, the kickshaw of states formed after 1945, the decline in interstate war, and the Cold War rivalry. Following World War II, the major European powers divested themselves of their colonies at an increasing rate the number of ex-colonial states jumped from about 30 to almost 120 after the war. The rate of state formation leveled off in the 1980s, at which point few colonies remained. more(prenominal) states also meant more states in which to have long civil wars.Hironaka statistically measures the impact of the increased number of ex-colonial states as increasing the post-WWII incidence of civil wars by +165% over the pre-1945 number. While the new ex-colonial states appeared to follow the blueprint of the idealized state centralized government, territory enclosed by defined borders, and citizenry with defined rights -, as well as accessories such as a national flag, an anthem, a seat at the United Nations and an official economic policy, the y were in actuality distant weaker than the Western states they were modeled after. In Western states, the structure of governments closely matched states actual capabilities, which had been arduously developed over centuries. The development of strong administrative structures, in contingent those related to extraction of taxes, is closely associated with the intense warfare between predatory European states in the 17th and 18th centuries, or in Charles Tillys celebrated formulation War made the state and the state made war.For example, the formation of the modern states of Germany and Italy in the 19th century is closely associated with the wars of expansion and integration led by Prussia and Sardinia, respectively. Such states are considered weak or fragile. The strong-weak categorization is not the same as Western-non-Western, as some Latin American states like Argentina and Brazil and Middle Eastern states like Egypt and Israel are considered to have strong administrative st ructures and economic infrastructure. Historically, the international community would have targeted weak states for territorial absorption or colonial domination or, alternatively, such states would fragment into pieces small enough to be effectively administered and secured by a local power. However, international norms towards sovereignty changed in the wake of WWII in ways that support and maintain the existence of weak states.Weak states are given de jure sovereignty equal to that of other states, even when they do not have de facto sovereignty or control of their own territory, including the privileges of international diplomatic recognition and an equal vote in the United Nations. Further, the international community offers development aid to weak states, which helps maintain the facade of a functioning modern state by giving the appearance that the state is capable of fulfilling its implied responsibilities of control and order. The formation of a strong international law reg ime and norms against territorial aggression is strongly associated with the dramatic drop in the number of interstate wars, though it has also been attributed to the effect of the Cold War or to the changing nature of economic development.Consequently, military aggression that results in territorial annexation became increasingly likely to prompt international condemnation, diplomatic censure, a reduction in international aid or the initiation of economic sanction, or, as in the case of 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, international military intervention to reverse the territorial aggression. Similarly, the international community haslargely refused to recognize secessionist regions, while keeping some secessionist self-declared states such as Taiwan in diplomatic recognition limbo. While there is not a large body of academic work examining the relationship, Hironakas statistical study found a correlation that suggests that every major international anti-secessionist declaration i ncreased the number of ongoing civil wars by +10%, or a total +114% from 1945 to 1997. The diplomatic and legal protection given by the international community, as well as economic support to weak governments and discouragement of secession, thus had the unintended effect of encouraging civil wars.There has been an enormous amount of international intervention in civil wars since 1945 that served to extend wars. While intervention has been practiced since the international system has existed, its nature changed substantially. It became common for both the state and opposition group to receive foreign support, allowing wars to continue well past the point when domestic resources had been exhausted. Superpowers, such as the European great powers, had always felt no compunction in intervening in civil wars that affected their interests, while distant regional powers such as the United States could declare the interventionist Monroe Doctrine of 1821 for events in its Central American ba ckyard.However, the large population of weak states after 1945 allowed intervention by former colonial powers, regional powers and neighboring states who themselves often had scarce resources. On average, a civil war with interstate intervention was 300% longer than those without. When disaggregated, a civil war with intervention on only one side is 156% longer, while intervention on both sides lengthens the average civil war by an addition 92%. If one of the intervening states was a superpower, a civil war is prolonged a further 72% a conflict such as the Angolan Civil War, in which there is two-sided foreign intervention, including by a superpower, would be 538% longer on average than a civil war without any international intervention. Effect of the Cold WarThe Cold War provided a global network of material and ideological support that perpetuated civil wars, which were mainly fought in weak ex-colonial states, rather than the relatively strong states that were aligned with the W arsaw stipulation and North Atlantic Treaty Organization.In some cases, superpowers would superimpose Cold War ideology onto local conflicts, while in others local actors using Cold War ideology would attract the attention of a superpower to obtain support. Using a separate statistical evaluation than used above for interventions, civil wars that included pro- or anti-communist forces lasted 141% longer than the average non-Cold War conflict, while a Cold War civil war that attracted superpower intervention resulted in wars typically lasting over three times as long as other civil wars. Conversely, the end of the Cold War marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 resulted in a reduction in the duration of Cold War civil wars of 92% or, phrased another way, a roughly ten-fold increase in the rate of resolution of Cold War civil wars. Lengthy Cold War-associated civil conflicts that ground to a halt include the wars of Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua . moot alsoThe Logic of Violence in Civil WarWar of IndependenceWars of national liberationReferences

The Development of GAAP in the United States

Setting GAAP These brass instruments influence the development of GAAP in the unify States. United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) The SEC was created as a result of the Great Depression. At that time there was no structure setting be standards. The SEC encouraged the establishment of mystic standard-setting bodies through the AICPA and later the FASB, believing that the private sector had the proper knowledge, resources, and talents. The SEC works closely with various private organizations setting GAAP, but does not set GAAP itself. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)In 1939, urged by the SEC, the AICPA appointed the Committee on Accounting number (CAP). During the years 1939 to 1959 CAP issued 51 Accounting Research Bulletins that dealt with a variety of timely accounting problems. However, this problem-by-problem approach failed to develop the much needed structured trunk of accounting principles. Thus, in 1959, the AICPA created the Ac counting Principles Board (APB), whose mission it was to develop an overall conceptual framework. It issued 31 opinions and was dissolved in 1973 for lack of productivity and failure to chip promptly.After the creation of the FASB, the AICPA established the Accounting Standards Executive Committee (AcSEC). It publishes Audit and Accounting Guidelines, which summarizes the accounting practices of specific industries (e. g. casinos, colleges, airlines, etc. ) and provides specific guidance on matters not intercommunicate by FASB or GASB. Statements of Position, which provides guidance on financial reporting topics until the FASB or GASB sets standards on the issue. Practice Bulletins, which indicate the AcSECs views on narrow financial reporting issues not considered by the FASB or the GASB. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)Realizing the need to reform the APB, leaders in the accounting profession appointed a Study throng on the Establishment of Accounting Principles (com monly known as the Wheat Committee for its chair Francis Wheat). This group determined that the APB must be dissolved and a cutting standard-setting structure be created. This structure is composed of three organizations the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF, it selects members of the FASB, funds and oversees their activities), the Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC), and the major operating organization in this structure the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).FASB has 4 major types of publications Statements of Financial Accounting Standards the most authoritative GAAP setting publications. More than one hundred fifty have been issued to date. Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts first issued in 1978. They are part of the FASBs conceptual framework project and set forth fundamental objectives and concepts that the FASB use in developing future standards. However, they are not a part of GAAP. at that place have been 7 concepts published to date. Interpretations modify or extend existing standards. There have been around 50 interpretations published to date.Technical Bulletins guidelines on applying standards, interpretations, and opinions. Usually solves some very specific accounting issue that will not have a significant, lasting effect. In 1984 the FASB created the Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) which deals with new and unusual financial transactions that have the potential to become common (e. g. accounting for meshing based companies). It acts more like a problem filter for the FASB the EITF deals with short-term, quickly resolvable issues, leaving long-term, more pervasive problems for the FASB. Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB)

France and French culture Essay

Despite the recent backlash against France and French culture in the past hardly a(prenominal) years, as well as there being no shortage of jokes on television and on the radio at the expense at the France, the honor is that if it were not for the French and their involvement during the American Revolution, America would not have gained their independence from Great Britain. This assertion, despite the fact that historians do not like to goldbrick the game of what if, the large majority agree on this point.Historians from Gore Vidal, Stephen Ambrose and David McCullough all agree that had it not been for the assistance of France, America would not gave gained their independence. The bear is Great Britain. An battleful pursuit of imperialism on behalf of Great Britain in the late 18th and throughout the 19th centuries had not been seen since the end of the Roman Empire.The reasons for Frances involvement in the American Revolution might have been more a question of revenge against Britain than the involvement of spreading democracy throughout the world as France itself would experience further 10 years after their initial entrance into the war with their own French Revolution. When the French entered on the side of colonists, the war was going badly in general. There had been a number of victories for the Colonists but Americas only hope that a sustained war, brought on by implementing guerilla tactics would lastly lead to a tiring of the British troops.Also, it was the entire motivatation of the Colonists to get France on their side. Ben Franklin was pressing the French constantly for their help during this time. Also, it was not out of a accompaniment that Franklin was chosen and not others since Franklin were adored by the French. Thomas Jefferson in like manner was instrumental as well in getting France involved on the side of the Colonists. It is also not a coincidence that France was being targeted for their help. They, along with Great Britain, wer e the powers in the world at that time.That is why such a statement as soda and I killed the Bear is accurate and correct. The bear is Great Britain. They did not conquer 1/3 of the world by being nice. protactinium is France and the child is America. Daddy is usually the stronger of the two and is more established. He is responsible for the care and well being of the child and helps the child to grow and to mature until eventually, the child exceeds the father in stature, independence and strength.However, the child would not be allowed to grow if not for the effort exerted on the part of the father. A father who neglects his son and does not raise him up in a proper way and the chances increase exponentially, for that child to fail to fully realize his full potential. The very same occurred in this instance and therefore, the same statement is accurate and carried a great deal of weight and validity.

Peter Skrzynecki (Ancestors)

stanza 1 the figures have a nightmarish quality which is developed finished simple but evocative visual imagery they hang over you and stand shoulder to shoulder which makes them threatening in number and intimidating in stance the sibilance within the last line augments the tenor of disquiet created by the poets reference to these nameless and faceless men no reference is make to women which also increases the veiled threat implied by shadowy figures. ne possible interpretation of this might be that male ancestors have greater impact on his cultural and social identity stanza 2 the darkness becomes tinged with urgency as his sleep is broken by whispered secrets. nothing is distinct or clear, growing an atmosphere of uneasiness. it is a scene we can identify with, those disturbing dreams and nightmares that can come to us all in the middle of the night reference is do to the ever-open eyes of these figures. we investigate what are they looking at or for, and wether their appearan ce is a detrimental or positive omen. t also leads us to wonder whether their visions are insightful or apocalyptic stanza 3 the ring they form around the poet is both encircling and yet directional, their pointing fingers and footprints leading elsewhere to unde conditionined places. the term ring generates a certain feeling of alarm, as if the sleeping figure is being entrapped by these figures from the past directions are unclear, mirroring the indistinct quality of dreams. it also raises the take of uncertainty and apprehension felt by the dreamer stanza 4 hese nocturnal visitors are given a natural backdrop, simply described as a mountain, river, plains, grasses and sand simple, sensory imagery describes the sound of a river and a moonlit plain giving some semblance of place but not bountiful to get any real bearings or location it is still a dream-liek landscape ill-defined but evocative and disquitening stanza 5 we ponder what these speechless, watchful and hovering figure s reckon for and question their purpose urgency is created by the use of hyphen which creates a pregnant pause in the middle of the question being asked. his involves the reader in the questioning process, challenging us to respond from a personal perspective it appears that these dead ancestors form the past are awaiting new members to join their host, adding resonance to the termination theme developed earlier Stanza 6 the nightmarish quality is not relieved by wakefulness which brings limited relief disquiet remains, for consciousness ironically makes their faces disappear just as they became clearer.They remain metaphorically out of reach the visual intensity of the simile dry/as cake mud emphasises the negative impact of this ancestral visitation which neither soothes nor appeases the dreamer stanza 7 this is the only stanza with three lines instead of four the brevity adds to the discordant images of un-stirring sand, grass and wind which tastes of course. the inversion of typical senses jars our expectations the reference to the taste of blood refers again to the death theme and adds to the readers sense of nightmarish disorientation. mirroring that felt by the unbalanced sleeper by the disturbed sleeper.

Advantage of science Essay

Science gives us impregnable food, free from harmful bacteria, in clean containers or hygienic tins. It also teaches us to eat properly, indicating a diet balanced in protein and carbohydrate and containing vitamins. The results is freedom from disease and prolonged life. In pre-scientific days, food was savourless and sometimes dangerous today it is safe and varied. It is varied because through improved sea, land and air take food can now be freely imported and exported. Science has also improved habiliments and made it more appropriate for climatic and working conditions. Man-made fibers and versatile spinning machines, today modify us to dress in clothes both restable and smart without being expensive. Home, school and location all bear witness to the progress and application of learning. Nowadays, most homes possess electric lighting and cooking, only many also have washing machines, vacuum cleaners and kitchen appliances, all designed to increase comfort and cleanliness and reduce drudgery.Science produces the fan which cools the air, the machinery which makes the furniture and fabrics, and hundred and one other features for good living. The books and papers be at school, and again everything from the piece of chalk to the closed-circuit television of instruction be the direct or indirect results of scientific progress. Learning is therefore easier. And clerical work is made far more nimble and efficient by the office typewriter, quite apart from the hundreds of different machines which relieve the manual worker of so much slow and monotonous toil in the factories. The first and the major advantage is that medical science is very progressive and vastly available. Without the needed technology a lot of people would struggle with their health. more than complicated treatments are being carried out successfully, by means of science and technology. These include surgeries, heart and kidney transplant, arranged inseminations and many others.These treatments are saving many innocent constitutes. The point is to spread it, and reach with medicine suspensor to the poor nations of the Third World. Again, advanced technology improves industry by making it more effective and, what is spanking today, safer for environment. Modern technology has introduced various sophisticated machines into our industries which is increasing productivity at a very spendthrift rate. Work that required technological advancements have made the world a smaller place to live in Dissemination whether spreadinginformation, broadcasting news, or sharing knowledge, technology has made it faster, easier, and smarter.Education disfavorwith the new science and technology developments most people underestimate the damage it gives us. First of all, I would ilk to say, that with these new science and technical appliances people became to be lazy. They rarely go out to work on foot or by a bicycle. Now there are a lot of redbrick cars in the cities, which are said to be emitting less gas. But still their emitted gasses damage the environment, so to my mind, that is why pollution of our environment is increasing. Secondly, it seems to me, that technologies are throwing away our free time. For example, these new laptop computer or those touch-screen devices are full of entertaining programs, which are attracting people effectively. Then people forget how to communicate with others in real(a) life, not through international communication systems like Skype or Facebook.

Economies Of The Middle East. Essay

According to the CIA foundation Fact Book Bahrain is located in the Middle East on the eastern side of Saudi Arabia. Bahrains climate is arid though characterized by hot and humid summers while the winters atomic number 18 pleasant. (CIA,2008). According to the Council for International Exchange of Scholars, Bahrain is an archipelago which is comprised of 33 islands and is sandwiched betwixt the east coast of Saudi Arabia and the Qatar peninsula. Bahrain has an advantage in as far as tourism is refer given her richness in geographical features like the sandy beaches as come up as the precious coral reefs.It also has various museums, archeological sites and traditional markets which are all a plus to her competitiveness. Bahrain is also sound known for her liberalistic tendencies in the Middle East region. (Council for International Exchange of Scholars). Being an Arab country, Islam is the closely beneficial holiness although other religions which form less than 25% of the gist population are allowed to take place. They accept Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism as well as Judaism. In such a set up, where 85% of the total population is Muslim it is only ingrained that Arabic is the official language.However, English is used in the learning institutions as well as when conducting business. This paper will give an in depth analysis of Bahrain. The US surgical incision of State, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs pointed out that in 2007 the population of Bahrain was 708,535 out of which a line of products of 32% comprised of non nationals. Statistics of the same grade also indicated that annual population growth browse was at 1. 39%. In accessing the composition of the Bahrain population by ethnic background it was established that Bahrainis recorded the largest proportion at 63%, Asians were next with 19% while the Arabs and Iranians were 10% and 8% respectively.The US incision of State estimated that Islam is the religion observed by roughly 98% of t he total population. It also estimated that other languages used in access to English and Arabic included Farsi and Urdu. A unique characteristic of the education formation in Bahrain is the occurrence that although it is not compulsory, it is offered for free at all levels. Estimates taken in the period 1991 to 2001 indicated that there was a steeper(prenominal) rate of tame attendance at 84%. In the year 2003 it was established that the overall gravid literacy levels for those aged 15 eld and above stood at 89.1% while the rate differed across the genders. (Bureau of humans Affairs, 2007). Males had a higher rate at 91. 9% while females registered a lower rate at 85%. Bahrain finances her citizens educational needs from incomes attained from her generous investment in anoint reserves. The importance of the year 1920 in as far as the education of Bahrain cannot be underscored as it was at this time that the prime(prenominal) public school which served both sexes was int roduced. in that location are 2 universities or high learning institutions where throng are able to improve their credibility levels in the job market.To cater for the health needs of her population there is a health science college which offers specified skills in the various medical exam fields like nursing, pharmacy. According to the 2007 statistics the infant mortality rate was at 16. 18 deaths/1000 subsist births while the life expectancy for males was 5 years lower than that of the females which was 77 years. Statistics from 2006 estimated that approximately 352,000 people create the Bahrain labor or work fierceness out of which a tune of 44% was foreigners.The US department of State also estimates that Bahrain is among the highly dense populated states and most of her population settled in the groovy city Manama. A considerable percentage of Bahrains workforce is comprised of foreigners due to the foreigner friendly policies by the governance. Although the naturaliz ation process evokes contrasting views among the Bahrainis it has seen approximately 10% of the total populations attain Bahraini nationality.Critics argue that the procedures or rather criteria applied could jeopardize the countrys security especially when foreigners previously working with sensitive departments like security are naturalized. There are 2 types of Muslims in the Bahrain state. intimately 2/3 of the people from the indigenous group are shia Muslims while prominent people in the society like the ruling family, numerous genus Phalluss of the government and the military as well as leaders in the state form the Sunni Muslim. (Bureau of Public Affairs, 2007).According to the CIA world fact book, the birth rate using 2008 estimates was 17. 26/1000 population while the death rate at the same year was at 4. 29deaths/1000 population. The rate of net migration was estimated to be 0. 4 migrants/1000 population. CIA also estimated that the sex ratios for the total population stood at 1. 25 males/females in 2008. 2008 estimates also had it that the total infant mortality rate was at 15. 64 deaths/1000 live births while that of females was at 12. 93 deaths/1000 live births.In 2006, the school life expectancy of both primary levels to tertiary education was 15 years though it vary across the genders with males recording a lower expectancy at 14 years while females lagged behind at 16 years. 2001 statistics indicated that approximately 86. 5% of the total population could read and write with males recording a higher rate at 88. 6% and females at 83. 6%. In 1991 the government spent approximately 3. 9% of the GDP to finance the education sector. (CIA,2008). The government in Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy with 5 administrative divisions namely Asamah, Janilyah, Muharraq, shamliyah and wasat.She attained her independence on the 15th of August 1971from the UK. In 2002, on the 14th of February she adopted a constitution that was to be followed. The law s consist of the English law but blended with the Islam laws. The universal voter turnout is at 20 years meaning any one above that age has the right to vote. There are three branches of government, the executive, legislative as well as the work bench. The executive is comprised of the King Hamad bin Isa al- Khalifa who took over in March 1999. the king is the chief of the Bahrain state.The Prime Minister Khalifa bin Salman al Khalifa is the head of government and he has held this position since 1971. The monarchy has the responsibility of appointing the cabinet and the prime minister too but the monarchy is hereditary. (CIA,2008). King Hamad Isa al- Khalifa succeeded his produce who died in 1999 after being in power for approximately 38 years. King Hamad can be commended for various reforms in Bahrain especially his zest to introduce democracy by changing the current system that was purely a hereditary emirate to a constitutional monarchy. (CIA,2008).His efforts precipitated to a referendum in 2001 for the National Action hire which approximately 94. 8% of the Bahrain voters endorsed. Another significant act by King Hamad was setting free of most political detainees and pri tidingser most of whom had been exiled, detained or imprisoned from as early as in the 1970s for posing security threats to Bahrain. Kind Hamad did away with the state security law and court which made it viable to detain people for up to 3 years without trial. The constitutional reforms Hamad introduced saw to it that a bicameral fantan which had a representative from the lower house was operational.Another aspect different from what was initially the trend was the reality of an independent body which was to act as watchdog over corruption allegations such as the misapplication of public funds. This was a way of increasing accountability and transparency in the region. (Bureau of Public Affairs, 2007). Hamads efforts were except not without challenges as for instance there were pr otests against the provisions he enacted on the constitution from members of the Shia community. The 2002 pick made a mark in the political history of Bahrain as it was at this time when the first woman was elected in parliament.The legislature branch comprises of the 40 member consultative council and the 40 member chamber of deputies. The election of the two councils is different in the sense that the former is elected by the cast while the latter is determined through a direct election. Elections are held after 4 years with the last one in 2006. The judicial system of Bahrain is comprised of a combination of courts adhering to the English laws as well as the Islamic laws or religious and tribal laws. Hamad also made significant reforms in the judiciary when he set a separate branch to over see it.The kings son or crown prince is the head of the commander in chief of the states defense force and the kings successor. (Bureau of Public Affairs, 2007). Democracy in Bahrain, however is limited to the fact that political parties are discouraged and this had been the case for many decades but with the rise of Hamad to power political societies were allowed to operate (CIA) According to the CIA world fact book Bahrain attracts foreign direct investment a factor that has made various transnational companies settle there and carry out business. This is to the countrys advantage economically.Similar to other disconnectedness countries the role of oil colour in stirring economic growth and development cannot be underscored. It is estimated that petroleum products proportion to over 60% of her total exports which contribute to a tune of 70% of the total government revenues. The petroleum industries directly contribute to approximately 11% of the countrys GDP. Bahrain is also rich in aluminium which is the second largest export. (CIA, 2008). The US department of state noted that other natural resources in Bahrain included textiles, natural gas, fish and pearls. (Bu reau of Public Affairs, 2007).

Silent Night

The wickedness was silent. The half moon gazed down benevolently on the city, wholly in a starless extend of black sky. The streets were empty, and all that reached out into the shadowy darkness were the street lamps, placed so methodically and every bit it made them seem more significant than they really were. Near one of these lamps, on a bench, was an antiquated existence, his hair grey, his face was warped with deep wrinkles, a pair of round rimmed spectacles perched on his nose. His dull eyes, seeming to be staring into nonhingness, peered sadly through the lenses.He slowly unlatched the case on his lap and reverently lifted the saxophone from its place, and is it opened, the weak yet mystifying golden glow emerged from it, entirely visible from the slight glimmer of the street lamps. The man pressed the mouth piece to his lips, and in a moment, music filled the night. The smooth, deep resonating tones of the saxophone echoed through the stillness. Its strong voice sang a melancholic requiem. The instrument was singing of times long past, of memories half forgotten, love once had, life at its peak and decline.The sounds resonated through the empty streets, reaching out in vain. The man stood as the song reached the climax, and as he did, the emotions that were resonating so beautifully seemed only to be amplified, this was pure expression from the soul unprepared, and unrestrained. The man closed his eyes and arched backwardwards as the saxophone bellowed its elegy. Untainted emotions, pure and true, resounded from the notes, a intractable dirge amidst the sadness and grief of loss and solitude. Then the night was silent again.His performance was applauded by the put away and the dark, and it was deafening. The elderly man breathed heavily, perspiration dampening his dull grey hair. He fell back on the bench and before long, began absently polishing the saxophone. His audience, the darkness, seemed to evaporate into the night, and he was left mo re alone than before. He heaved a sigh and reached for the case. Suddenly, sound had blessed the night. The rich sound of a saxophone reverberated from the darkness. The man started and rose from the bench, the rich melody wafting towards him like an old friend.He twisted and swivelled, his eyes brightened as he searched for the player. By a street lamp, was a silhouette of a person with a saxophone, the participant sitting by the lamp, not close enough to be illuminated and not far enough to be hidden, still there was no reason for the mysterious figure to be identified. The man immediately recognised the musicians skill, but there was a sense of incompletion in the tune, and although the tune itself sounded familiar, but he couldnt recognise it.Read alsoSummary Love Is Never SilentIt was when the piece reached the first chorus that he finally did, and understood. He smiled warmly, his eyes glittered, and he raised his mouthpiece to his lips again. He accepted the invitation, an d the music was complete. It was a song of fulfilment, contentment, of joy and harmony, the instruments eulogy of shared emotion and elation. The man revelled in the performance, and he knew silence would not meet him at the end of this one. The rich voices of the saxophones intertwined and coalesced. It was a glorious anthem that purged the night of silence.

True comedy explores themes as serious and important

accepted comedy explores themes as serious and important as appear in whatsoever tragedy. Demonstrate to what achievement Educating Rite contains serious and important themes as well as being a comic get. BY D.. Thomson Educating Rite True comedy explores themes as serious and important as appear in any tragedy. Demonstrate to what extent Educating Rite contains serious and important themes as Wily Russell play entitled Educating Rite Is a dark and comic drama set geniushin the confines of a University word formroom. The play features two characters, impolite a troubled lecturer who has grown disillusioned with his existence, and Rite, a working classLiveryman with a thirst for familiarity and a desire to find meaning In sustenance. The drama fishing tackles many serious themes including alcoholism, social class and exclusion, birth troubles and gender roles. It addresses these issues in an engaging and comic way, the seriousness of these issues often disguised by the wit a nd enchantment of the characters. The way that click is introduced to the reader says a lot about his character. The curtain draws on cad frantically scurrying about looking for a hidden bottle of whiskey that he has hidden in his bookshelf. Eureka exclaims Frank as he finally finds it.This somewhat amusing scenario serves to highlight an lugubriousness felt by the character and Issues around alcohol. This point Is supercharge highlighted during a or else sardonic pass and throwing with his partner. Frank concedes In this conversation that he Is taking on extra work to pay for the tipsiness, and the billing nature of the dialogue suggests that all is not well in his relationship. Rite enters the scene liberal of energy and life after battling with the door knob on the way in. Her demeanor is that of a na economic consumptionated working class girl who is desperately trying to come to grips with surroundings that are totally extraneous to her.Rites brash and unconventional manner is perfectly illustrated in her attempt to converse with Frank about an erotic painting displayed in his room. This was like the porn of its day, wasnt it? Rite innocently asks. The characters repeated questioning disguises an awkwardness she sees amidst an overcome desire to gain an education and move up In the world. In amongst their troubles there begins to blossom a friendship amid the twin, Rite compared to the elitist crowd with which he is familiar.Frank on the other hand is an enigma to Rite, she does not understand why Frank is so unhappy in a life that she so one after another craves for herself. This dynamic brings about some truly comic moments between the characters, an example of this being when Frank attempts to inform Rite with the works of E. M Forester. In this dialogue, Frank tries to emphasis to Rite the importance of looking at literature from an academic perspective. This point is somewhat lost on Rite when she Jokingly asks Does the repeated us e of the phrase only connect suggest that in reality E. M. Forester was a frustrated electrician. Rites relationship with men is a theme that develops throughout the play. Rite feels eke she is being held back by her economises expectations. Her relationship with her husband deteriorates as she continues to study against her spouses wishes. This culminates in her partners desperate attempts to keep her in her place by burning her books. Rites charm is not lost on Frank, he tells her at their very first meeting that he thinks she is rather marvelous. As the relationship develops Franks fondness for Rite grows and he becomes increasingly protective of her and mayhap grasping of her progress.This point is illuminated when Rite begins to make friends amongst other students. When Rite is invited to travel with some new friends Frank immediately barks you cant go, this hasty response shows that Frank is fearful of losing influence over Rite and perhaps losing her altogether. Rites relat ionship experiences demonstrate the struggles that working class women were likely to encounter at this time and the opposition they set about from the expectant and often overbearing men in their endures. As Rite progresses through her academic studies she begins to feel a disillusionment with her present life and a feeling that she does not belong.Her studies opened up a ewe world to her that she had not previously encountered. She began to feel ill at ease with her working class priming as she regarded those around her as lacking in culture and ambition. She did not however feel at ease amongst academics and scholarly types either and this left her in a sort of limbo where she began to lose push-down list of what makes her unique. Her feelings are demonstrated in the following quote, Im a freak. I cant talk to people I live with any much. An I cant talk to the likes of them on Saturday, or them out there, because I cant learn the language. This frustration was further compou nded by Franks desire to preserve Rites individuality at the expense of her progression. His criticism of Rites work as containing nothing of you in there, illustrates Franks desire to conserve the things in Rite that he finds most alluring. The play ends on a rather sad note as both of the characters are left with uncertainty surrounding their approachings. Franks drinking and subsequent behaviors have taken their toll on his work and on his relationship. Franks future lay in Australia without his former partner as punishment for his actions.Rite also faces upheaval in her life s she begins to come to grips with the changes that have occurred as a result of her decision to gain an education. What is clear is that the couplet are unlikely to be sharing the play in a poignant scene between the characters with Rite giving Frank a haircut that she had previously promised. This moment of rare intimacy between the pair illustrates the warmth the characters feel for each other, it does however seem improb equal that they will share many more moments like this in future. To a large extent Educating Rite tackles many serious and important themes in a UN- evasive and thought provoking way.It is a credit to the author that he is able to tackle such issues while maintaining a thread of comedy throughout the play. As examined in this essay, the play is able to look at issues such as social class, gender roles, alcoholism and relationship troubles without descending into morbidity and manages to keep the reader engrossed throughout. The humanness of the characters and their flawed nature helps the reader to empathic with the pair and their contrast views of the world provide the catalyst for an often dark but comedic tale. Bibliography Russell, W. (2007). Educating Rite. 1st deed. London Methuen Drama.